KNEE

• Cause: Traumatic or degenerative alteration of the menisci (internal/external).
• Symptoms: Pain, knee locking, creaking, swelling.
• Treatment: Conservative or arthroscopic meniscectomy/stapling.

• Cause: Sports injuries, sudden bending or hyperextension of the knee.
• Symptoms: Instability, pain, swelling, limited movement.
• Treatment: Arthroscopic ligamentoplasty

• Cause: Patellar misalignment, overuse.
• Symptoms: Pain in the front of the knee, especially when climbing stairs or sitting.
• Treatment: Physical therapy, quadriceps strengthening exercises.

• Cause: Overuse in athletes (jumping, running).
• Symptoms: Pain in the lower pole of the patella.
• Treatment: Rest, physical therapy, anti-inflammatories, biological therapies.

• Cause: Lateral injuries.
• Symptoms: Pain on the inner or outer side of the knee, instability.
• Treatment: Conservative or surgical depending on the severity.

• Cause: Detachment of a portion of cartilage and subchondral bone.
• Symptoms: Pain, instability, knee involvement.
• Conservative and in some cases surgical rehabilitation

• Bone necrosis due to inadequate blood supply.
• Usually in elderly people or corticosteroid users.
• Treatment: Conservative or Surgical

• Common in runners and cyclists.
• Pain on the outside of the knee, especially when bending.
• Physical therapy and stretching, Anti-inflammatories, Biological Therapy

Bursitis due to prolonged kneeling.

• Inflammation at the insertion point of the patellar tendon (tibial tuberosity).
• Usually in adolescents who play sports.
• Treatment: ice therapy, rest

Developmental disorder of the medial tibia (inward curvature of the foot – varus).

Anatomical variation that causes patellar instability.

Often in people with loose ligaments or after an injury.

• Acute infection in the joint, dangerous and urgent.
• Symptoms: Severe pain, redness, swelling, fever.
• Requires immediate antibiotics and drainage

• Cause: Direct blow to the knee (fall, car accident).
• Types: Transverse, vertical, crushing, abducting.
• Symptoms: Acute pain, difficulty in extending the knee, swelling, hematoma.
• Treatment:
  Conservative: If there is no displacement.
• Surgery: If there is instability or displacement of fragments (stapling, screws, wire).

• Cause: Fall from height, traffic accident, exercise injury.
• Significance: Affects the articular surface – risk of arthritis.
• Symptoms: Pain, swelling, inability to bear weight, hemarthrosis.
• Treatment:
• Conservative: Minor fractures without displacement.
• Surgery: Osteosynthesis with plates/screws to restore the articular surface.

• Cause: Severe trauma, especially in elderly people with osteoporosis or in young people with severe injuries.
• Symptoms: Pain, deformity, instability, inability to walk.
• Treatment:
• Surgery: Decompression, osteosynthesis.

• Cause: Abrupt pulling of a tendon or ligament from its insertion (e.g. anterior cruciate or patellar tendon fractures).
• Symptoms: Local pain, functional weakness, tenderness.
• Treatment: Depends on the stability and size of the fragment.